A Review on Characterization of SARS-COVID-19-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) and JN.1 Variant of Concern and its Global Perspective
Esha Yadav2, Sagar Singh3*, Pratima Kumari1, Sachin Singh Rathore1, Khushi Gupta1, Vaishali1
1Research Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Axis Institute of Pharmacy, Kanpur, U.P., India.
2Head of Department, Department of Pharmacy, Axis Institute of Pharmacy, Kanpur, U.P., India.
3Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Axis Institute of Pharmacy, Kanpur, U.P., India.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: ssingh99756@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
In this review, we summarize the researches on animal reservoirs of the SARS corona virus (SARS-CoV). Masked palm civets had been suspected because the foundation of the SARS outbreak in 2003 and turned into showed because the direct foundation of SARS instances with slight symptom in 2004. Sequence evaluation of the SARS-CoV-like virus in masked palm civets indicated that they had been exceedingly homologous to human SARS-CoV with, identification over 99.6%, indicating the virus has now no longer been circulating with inside the population of masked palm civets for a totally lengthy time. Alignment of 10 entire viral genome sequences from masked palm civets with the ones of human SARS-CoVs found out 26 conserved single- nucleotide variations (SNVs) with inside the viruses from masked palm civets. These conserved SNVs had been step by step misplaced from the genomes of viruses remoted from the early section to overdue section human sufferers of the 2003 SARS epidemic. In 2005, horseshoe bats had been recognized because the herbal reservoir of a set of corona viruses which can be distantly associated with SARS-CoV. The genome sequences of bat SARS-like corona virus had approximately 88–92% identification with that of the SARS-CoV. The incidence of antibodies and viral RNA in special bat species and the traits of the bat SARS-like corona virus had been elucidated. Apart from masked palm civets and bats, 29 different animal species were examined for the SARS-CoV, and the outcomes are summarized on this paper. Corona viruses (CoV) are a massive own circle of relatives of viruses inflicting a spectrum of sickness starting from the 22 not unusual place bloodless to greater intense illnesses as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and 23 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). The current outbreak of corona virus sickness 24 2019 (COVID-19) has come to be a public fitness emergency worldwide. SARS-CoV-2, the virus 25 accountable for COVID-19, is unfolded through human- to-human transmission through droplets or direct 26contact.
INTRODUCTION:
The phrase corona means “crown,” and while tested clearly, the spherical virus has a “crown” of proteins known as peplomers jutting out from its middle in each direction. This isn't always the primary time a corona virus has made news, the lethal 2003 SARS outbreak changed into additionally as a result of a corona virus.
As with the 2019 virus, the SARS virus changed into first observed in animals earlier than it unfold to humans. The SARS virus is concept to have come from bats after which changed into transferred to some other animal, after which to humans. Once transmitted to humans, the SARS virus commenced spreading speedy amongst people.1 What makes COVID-19 so newsworthy is that a remedy or therapy has now no longer but been evolved to assist save you its speedy unfold from man or woman to man or woman. SARS has been efficaciously contained and treated.
Doctors are getting to know new matters approximately this virus each day. So a ways we understand that COVID-19 might not first of all reason any signs. Any character can bring the virus for two days or up to two weeks. Some not unusual place signs which have been mainly related to the 2019 corona virus include: feeling quick of breath, having a cough that receives extra intense over time, a low-grade fever that progressively growth frame temperature. The complete listing of signs remains being investigated. If you revel in any of the signs above and feature traveled to China within side the beyond 14 days, or had been in near touch with a person with showed COVID-19 within side the closing 14 days, name your health practitioner proper away. The 2019 corona virus may be identified further to different viral infections: the use of a blood, saliva, or tissue pattern. In the United States, handiest the CDC Trusted Source presently can diagnose a COVID-19 infection.2 Talk for your health practitioner proper away in case you suppose you've got got a corona virus infection, particularly in case you’ve traveled to China within side the beyond 14 days. Your health practitioner will talk to nearby public fitness officers to offer steerage on whether or not checking out for the virus is needed. A laboratory technician will both draw a pattern of your blood with a needle or use a cotton swab to take a small patternof saliva or breathing secretions out of your nostril or the lower back of your throat.3 The pattern is then dispatched to a checking out facility to affirm the presence of viral cloth or antibodies that reply to the virus.
Fig 1: Coronavirus
Diagnostic hints launched with the aid of using Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University cautioned techniques for detecting infections primarily based totally upon scientific capabilities and epidemiological risk. These worried figuring out those who had as a minimum of the subsequent signs similarly to a records of tour to Wuhan or touch with different inflamed persons: fever, imaging capabilities of pneumonia, regular or decreased white blood mobileular count, or decreased lymphocyte count (Jin, 2020; Daniel and Annie S, 2019). A have a look at posted with the aid of using a crew on the Tongji Hospital in Wuhan on 26 February 2020 confirmed that a chest CT experiment for COVID-19 has greater sensitivity (98%) than the polymerase chain reaction (71%). False-terrible outcomes may also arise because of PCR package failure, or because of different problems with the pattern or problems acting the test. False-effective outcomes are probably to be rare.3,4 The 2019 corona virus may be recognized in addition to different viral infections: the usage of a blood, saliva, or tissue pattern. In the United States, best the CDC Trusted Source presently can diagnose a COVID-19 infection.4 Talk for your health practitioner proper away in case you assume you've got a corona virus infection, in particular in case you’ve traveled to China within side the beyond 14 days. Your health practitioner will communicate to nearby public fitness officers to offer steerage on whether or not trying out for the virus is needed. A laboratory technician will both draw a pattern of your blood with a needle or use a cotton swab to take a small pattern of saliva or breathing secretions out of your nostril or the again of your throat.5 The pattern is then dispatched to a trying out facility to verify the presence of viral cloth or antibodies that reply to the virus.
Fig 2. Transmission of Corona Virus
TRANSMISSION AND INFECTION WITH COVID-19:
Aside from man or woman-to-man or woman near touch (much less than six ft distance) and populace mobility, environmental elements may want to have an impact on droplet transmission and survival of viruses. Currently, topics with COVID-19 are called the principle supply of ailment. Frequently, the transmission from man or woman-to-man or woman takes place with near touch. The transmission to start with takes place thru the breathing droplets fashioned whilst a affected person sneezes, coughs, or maybe talks, simply as within side the unfold of influenza and different breathing viruses. Droplets can relax in extraordinary elements of the frame, which includes the mouth, lungs, and eyes of topics thru inhaled air5,6. This ailment also can be transmitted with the aid of using touching a floor or an item that has the virus on it5. Moreover, transmission might also additionally arise thru fomites within side the surroundings across theCOVID-19 patients. It has been said that COVID-19 contamination might also additionally cause gastrointestinal contamination and exist in stool. Hence, COVID-19 may additionally transmit thru fecal oral or frame fluid routes. Consequently, corona virus transmission can arise with the aid of using direct route (near touch with COVID-19 patients) and oblique route.
Corona viruses (CoVs) belong to the subfamily Coronavirinae within side the own circle of relatives of Coronaviridae of the order Nidovirales, and this subfamily consists of 4 sorts named as α, β, γ, and δ coronavirus.7 COVID-19, a β-corona virus with positive-experience single- stranded RNA, is an enveloped virion that looks as oval or spherical with 60-140nm diameter and is frequently polymorphous (Fig. 1 and 2). COVID-19 is typically unfold in people and different mammals, and its genome is extra remote from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.8 Corona virus recombination prices are very excessive because of constantly performing transcription mistakes and RNA structured RNA polymerase (RdRP) jumps. With a excessive mutation charge of coronaviruses, they're zoonotic pathogens which can be present in people and different mammalians with a numerous variety of medical locating from asymptomatic function to hospitalization within side the extensive care unit (ICU) main to the infections in lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and significant anxioussystem.9
Clinical manifestations of COVID-19:
Understanding the scientific manifestations is vital, even though those signs are nonspecific. Since December 2019, several gathered topics of “unknown viral pneumonia” have been said, at first associated with Wuhan city, China.10 Overall, many inflamed topics with COVID-19 have many scientific signs much like a SARS-CoV contamination.11 It is said that the scientific characteristic differs from easy lung contamination findings to septic shock. Like MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, the primary signs of COVID-19 are generally defined as cough, myalgia or fatigue, shortness of breath, and fever12. Diarrhea turned into hardly ever documented in COVID- 19 contamination, even as intestinal signs existed in about 20- 25% of the topics with SARS- CoV and MERS-CoV contamination12. The signs of acute breathing contamination regarded inside the early level of disease. In the following stages, septic shock, metabolic acidosis, coagulation dysfunction, and ARDS can seem in extreme cases13. The incubation length for COVID-19 on common is 5.2 days; however it's miles distinct amongst patients. Studies guide a 14-day scientific remedy length for topics uncovered to the pathogen13.
About almost 1/2 of the sufferers inflamed with COVID-19 had a discounted WBC matter and lymphopenia (decreased lymphocytes), or thrombocytopenia (low blood platelet matter) with accelerated activated thromboplastin time. C-reactive protein (CRP) ranges had been accelerated in maximum sufferers, however procalcitonin (PCT) concentrations had been normal[8]. Elevated serum ferritin ranges stated in a few sufferers14. All those changes in addition defined that COVID-19 can also additionally exert a capacity impact on lymphocytes, specially T cells. COVID-19 outbreaks and invades thru lung mucosa stimulates infection cascades and motivates a cytokine storm, ensuing in alteration in immune reaction inclusive of peripheral blood leukocytes and lymphocytes. Hence, intravenous immunoglobulin becomes carried out in maximum topics with decreased WBC and lymphocyte matter14. Augmented serum pro- inflammatory cytokine ranges have additionally been documented and are related to the severity of the disease. Nevertheless, expanded ranges of interleukin-10 that is referred to as an anti-inflammatory cytokine, suggest a numerous sample from that of SARS-CoVinfection14.
RT-PCR test:
The maximum not unusual place detection assay is RT-PCR primarily based totally at the RNA remote from respiration specimens including or pharyngeal swabs, sputum, nasopharyngeal aspirate, bronchoalveolar lavage, or deep tracheal aspirate15. Lower respiration tract pattern (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, deep tracheal aspirates) and caused sputum has the best genome fraction and viral load as in comparison to top respiration tract samples, which can be top-rated for enhancing detection accuracy16. Nevertheless, with pattern series and transportation and package quality, the entire fine fee of RT-PCR for throat swab specimens became approximately 60% at preliminary presentation in distinctive studies16,17. The fine fee of chest CT imaging and RT-PCR assay in a cohort examine through became 88%, and 59% for the detection of suspected topics with COVID-19, respectively. They confirmed that chest CT imaging had better sensitivity for the analysis of the COVID-19 contamination in comparison with preliminary RT- PCR from swab samples. They additionally mentioned that 42% of inflamed topic sexhibited development of follow-up chest CT scans earlier than the RT-PCR locating turning terrible17. Xie et al. comparing 167 inflamed cases, confirmed that 3% (5/167) of sufferers had terrible RT- PCR even as that they'd fine chest CT. PCR system for COVID-19 can be falsely terrible due to a laboratory error, irrelevant pattern, or insufficient viral load within side the pattern. The chest CT offers rapid results, is simple to do, and allows brief diagnoses of preliminary COVID-19 pneumonia18. The COVID-19 spreads and invades thru the lung, stimulates inflammation, and induces a cytokine storm, main to alteration in immune cells including WBCs and lymphocytes.
Accordingly, management of intravenous immunoglobulin’s is getting used because the healing method for maximum topics with reduced degrees of WBCs and lymphocytes19. COVID-19 sufferers are liable to liver failure, on the grounds that COVID-19 without delay binds to angiotensin-changing enzyme-2 (ACE2) high quality bile duct cells20. It has been proven thatACE2 is shielding in opposition to numerous lung diseases, which includes ARDS, asthma, acute lung injury (ALI), continual obstructive pulmonary ailment (COPD), and pulmonary hypertension21. ACE2 has additionally been confirmed to be the receptor for each the SARS- CoV and the human respiration corona virus NL63. The preceding test installed the high quality correlation of ACE2 expression and the contamination of SARS-CoV in vitro22. SARS-CoV appreciably reduced ACE2 protein expression after infecting the host23. Consequently, the ACE2 expression in specific organs is probably important for the vulnerability, signs, and final results of COVID-19. An evaluation of single-mobileular RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) confirmed that Asian men would possibly have better ACE2 expression degrees24. ACE2 is one of the additives of the rennin-angiotensin system (RAS) which regulates blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and electrolyte stability. The ACE hydrolyzes Ang I to angiotensin II. The angiotensin II binds to its receptors and induces vasoactive outcomes. ACE2 catalyzes Ang I and Ang II to generate angiotensin 1–9 and Ang-1–7, respectively, and antagonizes numerous outcomes of Ang II. ACE2, through lowering nearby Ang II degrees, acts as a counter-regulatory enzyme25,26. ACE2 deficiency and the resultant excessive Ang II concentration, result in extended vascular permeability, neutrophil accumulation, pulmonary edema, disruption of fueloline exchange, and exacerbation in lung function. On the opposite hand, energetic recombinant ACE2 protein alleviates ALI signs and symptoms in ACE2 knockout animals27. In the lungs, RAS hobby is largely excessive, and the hobby of the ACE2 is likewise notably extended to manipulate the stability of AngII/Ang-(1–7) concentration27,28. It has been proven that ACE2 participates within side the excessive ALI and failure this is brought on through SARS, influenza A H5N1 virus, acid aspiration, sepsis, and deadly avian. Currently, ACE2 is proposed as a ability healing goal for the remedy in humans29. Of ACE2 expression through injection of soluble recombinant ACE2 protein or the use of healing vectors expressing excessive degrees of ACE2 which can be relevant within side the future30, the use of particular ACE inhibitors together with lisinopril, and inhibiting Ang II receptors. In particular, the sort I Ang II receptor has been stated to sell ailment through motivating edemas and stressful lung function31.
Currently, there's no powerful remedy for the remedy for COVID-19 sufferers, which can, in a few sufferers, cause deadly lung failure. Furthermore, there's no precise antiviral remedy or vaccine for this virus. Pathogenesis of corona virus is a very complicated process, and plenty of the desired information of host-pathogen interplay continue to be unknown. Discovering the beneficial remedy alternatives for the remedy of the COVID-19 outbreak is vital . There are only some to be had antiviral treatments, that have restrained efficacy on COVID-19 at present. The present day Chinese guiding principle emphasized that convalescent plasma (CP) remedy turned into an emergent remedy for critical COVID-19 instances. Generally, CP has been implemented to enhance the survival fee of sufferers with loads of viral epidemics, consisting of SARS, MERS, influenza, Ebola virus disorder, etc. More recently, COVID-19 instances have additionally proven development to a sure diploma after CP remedy in China31. In order to take complete benefit of this promising remedy, there are nevertheless numerous vital issues want to be clarified.
REMEDIES: 15
Sl. No |
Place claim was made city/country |
Socioeconomic status of claimant: education/ employment |
Recipe/prepration of remedy.include dose if specified |
Outcome/no. of days to achive |
Refrence |
1 |
Ibadan, Nigeria |
Chief medical director, university college hospital |
Vitamin C-1000 mg, chloroquine, turmeric, lemon, unripe pineapple and steam inhalation plus prayer |
7 days |
https://www.uchealth.org/today/jbs-worker-with-covid-19-goes-home-after-son-prayed-outside-hospital-for-days/ |
2 |
Ekiti state, Nigeria |
governor |
Onion and blackseed oil, blended together and mixed with pure honey. One tablespoon morning and night pus one table of vitamin C(1000mg) |
7-10 days |
https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2020/4/i-fought-covid-19-with-carrots-black-seed-oil-honey-vitamin-c-governor-makinde.html |
3 |
United Kingdom |
Old Nigerian women |
Ginger, 20 clove of garlic and lime blended together and made to paste. A scoop of the paste was put in a teacup of bboiled water with lipton tea and 1000 mg of grounded paracetamol, she took it every 4 hour |
3 days |
https://www.detectuniverse.com.ng/2020/04/corona-virus-extra.html |
4 |
USA |
Nigerian family |
Turmeric powder, ginger, garlic and lemon cooked together with the steam inhaled by covering head with blanket while inhaling the steam from the hot pot. |
3 days |
https://www.detectuniverse.com.ng/2020/04/corona-virus-extra.html |
5 |
Anambra state, Nigeria |
A former governor |
Lemon , ground ginger, ground black pepper, ground garlic are mixed in hot water taken. The person draw in the steam through the nose for 20-30 min. among the herbal elements in the steam are usually neem, lemon grass, ginger, mango leaves and guava leaves. Take vitamin c (1000mg) |
|
https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/04/covid-19-people-treated-with-herbal-cure-recovers-faster-%E2%80%95ezeife/ |
6 |
Madagascar |
Medagas- Car institute of applied research |
Artemisia, neem leaf , paw leaf, small garlic and ginger, lime and oranges, cook them together for 30. Min for effective treatment. Inhale as it is being boiled, it clears your lungs. |
7-14 days |
https://www.africanews.com/2020/04/22/covid-organics-madagascar-launches-africa-s-first-cure-for-virus/ |
7 |
Nigeria |
Organic chemistry researcher |
Bark, leaves and root of neem tree. 10 piece fresh tetrapleuratetraptera. 10 handful of heliotropiumindicum roots. 10 handful of khyagrandifoliolo bark. A handful of opuntidillenii. Two handful of bird pepper or capsicum frutescens. A handful of turmeric. A handful of garlic or allium sativum. 5 L of organic honey. some bottles of schnapps. |
7-14 days |
https://theeagleonline.com.ng/nigerian-researcher-provides-details-of-herbs-to-cure-covid-19/ |
8 |
Jigawa state, nigeria |
Head of the research team of federal university of jigawa |
Medicinal plants |
Toxicity evaluation is in progress |
https://www.channelstv.com/2020/04/24/federal-varsity-in-jigawa-commences-clinical-trial-of-plant-based-covid-19-medicine/ |
9 |
Yobe state |
President, college of traditional medicine and acupuncture LTD |
Four seeds and plants |
Certification in progress |
https://aynaijang.com/2020/05/nigeria-doctor-discovers-another-cure-for-coronavirus-reveals-seeds-to-improve-the-lungs.html |
10 |
Edo state |
Joint effort of university of lagos and university of benim |
CVD PLUS |
NAFDAC approval is ongoing |
https://fadakay.org/ewu-monastery-develops-cvd-plus-for-the-treatment-of-covid-19/ |
OMICRON:
Fig 3. Omicron Variant
On 26 November 2021, WHO specific the variation B.1.1.529 a variation of concern, named Omicron, on the recommendation of WHO’s Technical Advisory Group on Virus Evolution (TAG-VE). This choice turned into primarily based totally at the proof provided to the TAG-VE that Omicron has numerous mutations that can have an effect on the way it behaves, for example, on how effortlessly it spreads or the severity of contamination it reasons. Transmissibility: It isn't always but clean whether or not Omicron is extra transmissible (e.g., extra effortlessly unfold from individual to individual) in comparison to different editions, consisting of Delta. The wide variety of human beings checking out nice has risen in regions of South Africa laid low with this variation, however epidemiologic research are underway to recognize if it's miles due to Omicron or different factors. Severity of disorder: It isn't always but clean whether or not contamination with Omicron reasons extra excessive disorder in comparison to infections with different editions, consisting of Delta.
Preliminary statistics shows that there are growing fees of hospitalization in South Africa; however this will be because of growing ordinary numbers of human beings turning into infected, in preference to a end result of precise contamination.
With Omicron. There is presently no statistics to indicate that signs and symptoms related to Omicron are distinct from the ones from different editions. Initial pronounced infections have been amongst college students—more youthful those who generally tend to have extra moderate disorder—however know-how the extent of severity of the Omicron variation will take days to numerous weeks.
All editions of COVID-19, consisting of the Delta variation this is dominant worldwide, can purpose excessive disorder or death, particularly for the maximum susceptible human beings, and for that reason prevention is constantly key.
JN.1 VARIANT:
As the COVID-19 pandemic enters its fourth year, the virus's unrelenting evolution—which is typified by the discovery of several subvariants of the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2—presents new dangers to health globally. Every variation has presented a different set of difficulties, but most recently, a strain known as JN.1, which descended from BA.2.86 "Pirola" has gained attention. JN.1, which was first discovered in the US, is now acknowledged by the World Health Organization as an independent Variant of Interest (VOI). Concerns around the world have increased due to its quick spread, especially in nations dealing with other respiratory illnesses and harsh winters21.
A new strain of COVID-19, JN.1, has been added to the World Health Organization's list of "variants of interest, " which is under its second highest level of surveillance. JN.1, an offshoot of the omicron subvariant BA.2.86 (dubbed "Pirola" by the media), is characterized by the WHO as posing a "low" risk to public health worldwide. However, the organization issued a warning that the northern hemisphere's winter season may result in an increase in the prevalence of respiratory infections in many nations. WHO stated that while JN.1 accounted for only 3% of infections at the beginning of November, it is now accountable for over 27%.In September, 2 JN.1 was initially found in 12 nations, with Canada, France, Singapore, Sweden, the UK, and the US having the largest percentages. The BBC has been informed by the UK Health Security Agency that JN22.
Then, the EG.5.1 ("Eris") lineage, which was growing, its descendant lineage, HK.3, and the so-called "FLip" sublineages that were home to the Spike (S): L455F+F456L pair, attracted a lot of public attention. The PANGO Network designated the BA.2.86.1 sublineage in September 2023, which carries the C12815T SNP and the additional ORF1a mutation, K1973R. On September 29, 2023, the JN.1 descendant carrying S: L455S was identified. October 2023 saw the designation of JN.2 (ORF1a: Y621C), JN.3 (ORF1a: T2087I), BA.2.86.2 (ORF7a: E22D), and BA.2.86.3 (C222T, C1960T, T12755C), as well as the descendant of the latter JQ.1 (S: T95I).
Compared to common variants like EG.5.1 and HK.3, BA.2.86 did not significantly evade humoral immunity or show a clear growth advantage, but it did show noticeably elevated ACE2 binding affinity. Because of its unique antigenic profile and increased binding affinity, BA.2.86 may be able to accumulate immune-evading mutations when there is low-level population transmission. Specific mutations, the dynamics of ACE2 binding, and immune evasion tactics are intricately linked, highlighting the complex interplay of viral evolution in the context of host interactions.
Using plasma from patients recovering from XBB infection—who, despite having received three doses of inactivated vaccines, experienced breakthrough infections with XBB subvariants featuring the S486P substitution—a recent study examined the immune evasion potential of JN.1 using pseudovirus-based neutralization assays. A noticeable decrease of 2.1 times in 50% neutralization titers in those the immune escape capability of JN.1 was enhanced in comparison to BA.2.86 in individuals who re-infected with XBB after recovering from BF.7 or BA.5 infections, and in those who recovered from XBB breakthrough infections, there was a 1.1-fold decrease. Therefore, JN.1 quickly developed broad resistance against receptor binding domain classes 1, 2, and 3 antibodies after acquiring the strategic L455S mutation on the binding interface with human ACE2 and inheriting the antigenic diversity of BA.2.86. On the other hand, ACE2 binding activity was significantly reduced in the receptor binding domain. The important lesson is the persistent emergence of concerning variants, which open up new avenues for the virus to evolve even if JN.1 turns out not to be very dangerous. The discovery of the SLipvari ants by adding the Spike S456L mutation next to L455S indicates that JN.1 is still evolving and that SARS-CoV-2 is still evolving without a pause. These strains are gradually deviating from the original one that signaled the start of the pandemic almost four years ago23.
VACCINATION:
The JN.1 strain has established itself as the most common strain worldwide. Its prevalence has been linked to notable increases in hospitalizations in particular areas (such as the Netherlands, Singapore, and Île-de-France) and significant spikes in wastewater levels in a number of different countries. Despite the fact that the 50% threshold has not yet been reached in the USA, on December 20, the WHO classified it as a variant of interest. Using plasma from patients recovering from XBB infection—who, despite having received three doses of inactivated vaccines, experienced breakthrough infections with XBB subvariants featuring the S486P substitution—a recent study examined the immune evasion potential of JN.1 using pseudovirus-based neutralization assays. The immune escape capability of JN.1 was enhanced in comparison to BA.2.86, as evidenced by a clear 2.1-fold reduction in 50% neutralization titers among individuals reinfected with XBB after BA.5 or BF.7 infections and a 1.1-fold decrease in those recovering from XBB breakthrough infections. Therefore, JN.1 quickly developed broad resistance against receptor binding domain classes 1, 2, and 3 antibodies after acquiring the strategic L455S mutation on the binding interface with human ACE2 and inheriting the antigenic diversity of BA.2.86. On the other hand, the ACE2 binding affinity of the receptor binding domain was significantly reduced. In the event that JN.1 turns out not to be especially dangerous, the important thing to remember is that worrying variants keep showing up, opening up new avenues for the virus to spread. With the addition of the Spike S456L mutation next to L455S, JN.1 would currently be evolving further and there would be no break in the SARS-CoV-2 virus's ongoing evolution. These strains are gradually deviating from the original one that signaled the start of this pandemic almost four years ago.
Over time, the immune response to the first COVID-19 vaccination wanes Immunosenescence and comorbidities are two factors that can reduce an older person's immune response effectiveness. Effective assessments of booster vaccination strategies have been carried out to tackle the waning immune response among well-nourished adults. Individuals who received three doses of the COVID-19 Pfizer BNT162b2 vaccine demonstrated weak neutralizing antibody responses against the most recent XBB-derived or BA.2.86 variants. Bivalent boosters increased neutralization titers momentarily, but their efficacy was only momentary. The sera's effectiveness against EG.5.1.3 and BA.2.86.1 was barely noticeable six months after the boost. This supports reports that, despite some observed variations between studies, these two variants rank among the most immune-evading viruses known to date25.
Preliminary evidence suggests there may be an increased risk of re-infection with Omicron (i.e., people who have previously had COVID-19 could become re-infected more easily with Omicron), as compared to other variants of concern, but information is limited. More information on this will become a vailable in the coming days and weeks.
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Received on 23.09.2023 Modified on 16.03.2024
Accepted on 29.07.2024 ©Asian Pharma Press All Right Reserved
Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2024; 14(3):255-262.
DOI: 10.52711/2231-5691.2024.00039