2.1. Storing data in the cloud:

Cloud storage is a kind of data storage solution used in the healthcare industry that stores and manages data via remote servers. Instead of being kept on local computers or hard drives, the data is kept on servers managed by cloud storage providers, including Microsoft Azure, AWS, and Google Cloud, and accessed online.

Hospitals, diagnostic facilities, and medical stores must first authenticate with the cloud before allowing data entry. That is, they have to use their password and the unique ID that the government has given them to log into the cloud^12-14.

Upon admission to the hospital, patients' information needs to be synced with the cloud using their Aadhar number. By adhering to the authentication criteria, data security can be ensured: With the successful implementation of Aadhar cards in our nation, every person can receive a distinct authentication. To ensure that they can only access their data, each user must create an account in the cloud using their Aadhar number and enter a security password. Only those who are permitted can enter the data^15,16.

2.2. Retrieve data from the cloud:

The data of the particular person can be retrieved by himself. Devices with internet connections, such as laptops, PCs, and smartphones, can access data stored in the cloud¹⁷. To access the cloud's data, the user needs to verify themselves by entering their password and Aadhar ID. He can access the cloud's data only after both his Aadhar ID and password are accurate¹⁸.

2.3. Data analysis:

The organization can use the data that is gathered and stored in the cloud to analyze and learn more about the patient's current state of health. With this knowledge, they can then recommend to their patients that they adopt certain lifestyle practices that are appropriate for their health¹⁹.

In the cloud data is stored in the form of unstructured data²⁰. The unstructured data needs to be transformed into structured data using data mining methods like

· Data cleaning.

· Data Transformation.

· Pattern Discovery.

· Data visualization.

Once the unstructured data has been converted to structured data, it is compared to standard values. If there is a difference between the output and the standard value, it is then informed to patients and some instructions are given to take care of their health²¹.

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD:

3.1. Wide-ranging network accessibility:

A wide range of network accessibility through different client platforms²².

3.2. Ability to provide service over a Network:

ICT infrastructure for applications is provided and made available as a service via a variety of communication channels, including Multi-protocol Label Switching (MPLS), Virtual Private Network (VPN), Shared Access or Dedicated Access using Wireless-Fidelity (WIFI), Fiber Network, Ethernet, Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN), and Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) ²³.

3.3. Flexibility, Scalability, and Elasticity:

User needs and demands are met, and more scalability is possible as and when required²⁴.

3.4. Ability to use services wisely:

A variety of gadgets, including laptops, iPads, and smartphones, can now be used to access the internet. Cloud-based resources, services, and applications are now accessible through all the above-mentioned devices.

Presence of Controlled and Measured Service²⁵:

3.5. Existence of monitored and regulated cloud services:

Cloud services are automatically monitored, optimized, and provided with measured resources and services²⁶.

3.6. Existence of diverse service models:

Cloud service models encompass Software as a Service (SaaS), Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), and Platform as a Service (PaaS), with deployment options ranging from private to public to hybrid to community clouds²⁷.

4. CLOUD SERVICE MODELS:

The three primary categories of cloud computing service models are SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS. Diverse forms of cloud computing offer varying degrees of autonomy, adaptability, and supervision²⁸.

4.1. SaaS (software as a service):

Because of its web-based deployment methodology, the software can be accessed using a web browser. Applications can be accessed via the public internet and are set up such that users require the least amount of technical support from cloud service providers²⁹. There is no need for clients to install software on their devices because this service model hosts the program in the cloud. The software can be accessed by the clients using an interface, such as a web browser. Better security and ease of setup are the two key advantages of using SaaS.

Examples of SaaS: Microsoft Office 365, Salesforce, Gmail or Dropbox³⁰.

4.2. Platform as a service (PaaS):

The user is given access to an execution and programming environment by PaaS. Users can construct different applications using different programming APIs (application programming interfaces), and they can deploy apps directly on the cloud provider's infrastructure. Numerous frameworks and programming languages are supported by PaaS³¹.

PaaS examples include Web apps using AWS Lambda or Elastic Beanstalk³².

4.3. IaaS, or infrastructure as a service:

The most adaptable kind of cloud service is infrastructure as a service (IaaS), wherein cloud providers give users or customer’s access to resources like virtual machines, firewalls, network devices, and more. Users also have total control over the hardware that powers their applications and serves as the foundation for cloud and IT infrastructure³³.

Google Compute Engine, Microsoft AZURE, and Amazon Web Services are a few IaaS examples³⁴.

5. DEPLOYMENT MODELS:

The following are the four deployment models³⁵:

5.1. Public cloud:

In a public cloud, the service provider makes resources like apps and storage accessible to the whole public via the Internet. The services may be provided at no cost or on a pay-per-use basis.

5.2. Private Cloud:

In a private cloud, networked or private internal network computing services are provided only for the benefit of an individual enterprise, as opposed to being available to the general public. Every cost is covered privately.

5.3. Community cloud:

Managed either internally or via a third party, Community Cloud is for cooperative groups of individuals. It is either externally or internally deployed within the organization. Ownership is shared by a group of persons, or it may have been acquired by mutual hiring. Because the cost of community cloud deployment is shared by the participating institutions in a collaborative group, it is more expensive than private cloud deployment. There are more users than on private clouds, but less than on public clouds³⁶.

5.4. Hybrid cloud:

This type of cloud blends public and private cloud computing. It has the benefit of several deployment models together with flexibility. Hybrid cloud deployments take place at both private and public sites. Users of both public and private players that are a part of this cloud administer and control it. By integrating pre-existing clouds located in various geographic locations, IT companies can employ hybrid clouds to scale the size of their cloud infrastructure³⁷.

6. CLOUD COMPUTING IN HEALTHCARE:

Cloud computing technologies have become more prevalent in the healthcare sector in recent years. Cloud technologies are becoming more and more in demand in the healthcare industry every day. The healthcare environment is evolving faster than ever before as a result of the rising demand for providing the most effective medical services at the lowest possible cost, which has boosted competition among healthcare providers³⁸.

To provide better services for less money, hospitals, physicians, research clinics, and other commercial and public healthcare organizations continually look for alternatives. When applied correctly, cloud computing technologies can address all the issues faced by the healthcare sector³⁹.

Therefore, these new cloud technologies provide the healthcare industry the potential to enhance patient services, upgrade operational facilities, facilitate seamless information sharing, and save expenses. A doctor can therefore access his patients' records via cloud computing in the healthcare industry, even if they are located far away.

Simple and fast access to electronic medical records is made possible in a medical context by cloud computing. A patient's medical history may be accessed quickly, which can speed up the healing process, lower problems, and increase the likelihood that a patient will survive.

Cloud computing employs mobile app technologies to provide telemedicine. With the help of these apps, it is possible to successfully provide healthcare services like telesurgeries and consultations from any location, allowing patients to be monitored without having to go to the hospital.

7. APPLICATIONS OF CLOUD IN HEALTHCARE SECTOR:

7.1. Telemedicine:

Telemedicine is the application of technology in medicine. Telemedicine is a means of providing health care services in which patient information can be examined in the form of images sent from remote locations. Using telemedicine, medical information may be sent from anywhere at any time. A telemedicine system consists of video conferencing, telemedicine software for medical consultation, and medical attachments that make it easier to capture vital signs such as heart rate, ECG, pulse rate, SPO₂, blood glucose, NIBP, pathological slides, X-ray scanners, and dermatology cameras. Cloud-deployed software enables real-time collaboration using software-based video conferencing systems such as Cisco Webex and People-Link, as well as the exchange of patient data via telemedicine software during virtual outpatient department visits, or Tele-OPDs⁴⁰.

7.2. Electronic Medical Record:

A proper and systematic electronic gathering of health data on a single individual or group is known as an electronic health record, or EHR. Since it is always recorded in digital format, a clinical practitioner can simply access it or share it with other healthcare facilities. Currently, a significant number of clinicians are using electronic health records. The primary benefit of moving EHRs to the cloud is the ability for clinical practitioners, hospitals, and other healthcare providers to share patient health information, enabling prompt and effective patient care.

7.3. Big Data:

Big data analytics in the healthcare industry using cloud computing makes it possible to store, process, and analyze vast amounts of medical data. This can contain genetic data, medical imaging, patient information, and more. Healthcare companies can obtain scalable and affordable computing resources to manage the enormous volumes of data produced in the sector by utilizing cloud-based infrastructure.

To provide a complete picture of a patient's health, cloud computing also makes it possible to integrate data from multiple sources, including wearable technology, IoT sensors, and electronic health records. This may result in more precise diagnosis, individualized treatment regimens, and better patient results⁴¹.

7.4. Clinical Research:

Cloud computing is transforming clinical research in the healthcare industry by providing secure, adaptable, and scalable data storage, analysis, and collaboration. Large datasets are accessible to researchers from anywhere, facilitating faster insights and better decision-making. Additionally, cloud-based platforms make it possible to integrate many data sources, which makes advanced analytics and predictive modeling possible. Furthermore, cloud computing makes it easier for scientists, physicians, and other stakeholders to collaborate remotely, which promotes creativity and quickens the rate of medical advancement. Future developments in cloud computing are anticipated to further change the clinical research environment by increasing productivity and enhancing patient outcomes.

7.5. Health Information Exchange:

By offering a safe and convenient platform for storing and exchanging patient data, cloud computing is used in the exchange of health information in the healthcare industry. Improving communication between healthcare practitioners, enables healthcare organizations to access and share information in real time. Moreover, cloud-based solutions facilitate the integration of patient data and electronic health records between various healthcare facilities, enhancing the continuity of treatment. Cloud computing also provides cost-effectiveness and scalability, which help healthcare firms handle and store massive amounts of data effectively. All things considered, cloud computing is essential to the healthcare industry's efforts to improve patient care and streamline the flow of health information⁴².

7.6. Drug Discovery:

Drug discovery is the process of discovering and designing medications to improve human health while minimizing adverse effects. Companies focused on drug development are turning to cloud technology to create a central location for drug development data that is dispersed all over the world, allowing researchers and patients to access the data from anywhere, regardless of location or geography, and to facilitate faster access or sharing.

7.7. Medical Imaging

Image processing, sharing, and storing are all included in medical imaging. PACS stands for picture archiving and communication via the cloud. Not only that, but it offers flexible radiology 24/7. Cloud-based medical imaging benefits patients by facilitating the exchange of information across a group of medical professionals for expert opinions⁴³.

7.8. Cooperation Approach:

Trials are being conducted on early achievements of cloud-based physician collaboration technologies, like remote video conferences for doctor visits. Expanding these services to a mobile setting for disaster relief or rural telemedicine is becoming increasingly feasible as wireless broadband and smartphone usage increase. Cloud computing facilitates teamwork, team-based care delivery, and application usage based on shared clinical data and business model specifications.

7.9. Digital Libraries:

A digital library is a library that processes and stores geographically dispersed information and literature via the use of digital technology. A digital library's information retrieval system is made possible via cloud computing. Because of its elastic and dynamic characteristics, cloud computing minimizes maintenance requirements and management problems while facilitating an increase in information collection. These cloud-based digital libraries will serve as a knowledge base for physicians, researchers, practitioners, and medical students, among others.

8. HEALTHCARE BENEFITS OF USING CLOUD COMPUTING:

8.1. Enhanced collaboration and communication:

Using cloud computing in healthcare has several substantial benefits, including improved cooperation and communication.

8.2. Savings on costs:

Cloud computing can save healthcare companies a significant amount of money. For example, cloud-based technologies minimize the need for costly gear and software⁴⁴.

8.3. Enhanced disaster recovery and data security:

For healthcare providers, cloud computing enables improved disaster recovery and data protection. All industries, including the healthcare sector, have serious concerns about data security. Cloud-based solutions give healthcare providers easy access to redundant, secure data centers for storing patient records. This technique also guarantees simple and speedy data restoration in the event of a system breakdown or disaster.

8.4. Efficiency and scalability:

They may quickly and easily scale their IT infrastructure up or down at any time with cloud computing.

This degree of adaptability results in a more effective response to the ever-changing demands of the healthcare industry.

Additionally, cloud-based solutions are more efficient than their conventional on premise counterparts, which can result in major time and cost savings for healthcare providers. For these reasons, cloud computing is revolutionizing the healthcare sector.

9. IMPLICATIONS OF CLOUD COMPUTING IN HEALTH CARE:

9.1. Security and privacy issues:

Data security and privacy are two of the main issues with cloud computing in the healthcare industry. Healthcare providers are responsible for making sure that patient data is shielded from theft, illegal access, and cyberattacks.

9.2. Availability and dependability:

Many healthcare organizations worry that in the event of a cloud provider's service outage, slow down, or interruption, they may lose control over their data and apps. Furthermore, the amount of access to cloud-based data and apps may vary according to the quality of the Internet connection.

9.3. Dependence on technology:

Using cloud computing in healthcare demands healthcare providers to be technology-dependent. This indicates that any service outages or disruptions may have a major effect on patient care.

9.4. Interoperability:

Numerous separate and heterogeneous cloud platforms communicate with one another in cloud computing. Interoperability allows distinct clouds to share their infrastructure, data, apps, and platforms and to have access in diverse situations. The usage of cloud services offered by numerous vendors, vendor lock-in, portability, and other factors limit the choice of cloud. There are various APIs available for users to communicate with the cloud or the cloud to communicate with the user. Interoperability is therefore necessary for cloud-based apps that have been built. Otherwise, cloud adoption in the medical field will be hindered.

9.5. Operating Stability:

Companies rely heavily on cloud servers to develop various business models that are suited to their capabilities. As healthcare services increasingly use the cloud, it is critical to guarantee that the entire system is reliable, as this ensures that optimal performance is maintained with minimal downtime. The three main components that determine stability are cloud server security, replication, and monitoring. An unexpected level of service quality for the end user may result from the failure of one of the key components⁴⁵.

10. APPLICATION OF CLOUD IN PHARMA COMPANY:

The pharmaceutical business has been using cloud computing more and more in recent years. Cloud computing enables pharmaceutical businesses to store vast amounts of data safely and efficiently. This information can range from patient data and regulatory compliance details to pharmacological research and clinical trial outcomes.

Cloud computing is one such key technology that has fundamentally changed the way businesses function today. Due to concerns with compliance and regulations, pharmaceutical businesses usually take their time implementing new technologies. However, the COVID-19 epidemic has caused the pharmaceutical sector to rethink its strategies. As more and more pharmaceutical businesses realize the full potential of digital technologies, they are turning to these cutting-edge tools to cut expenses and simplify their processes.

Cloud computing in the pharmaceutical industry has grown to meet major privacy, security, and regulatory challenges. These days, it offers more than simply storage.

Cloud computing is promoting efficiency and innovation in the pharmaceutical industry in the following ways⁴⁶:

10.1. Data administration and storage:

Pharma firms produce enormous amounts of data from their research, clinical trials, and other operations. Companies may reduce the cost of physical infrastructure, enhance team communication and accessibility, and protect sensitive data by storing and managing it in the cloud.

10.2. Collaboration:

Cloud-based systems have the potential to enhance collaboration among many teams, including marketing, regulatory affairs, clinical trial management, researchers, and so on. Through this partnership, the drug development process can be streamlined and the time to market can be accelerated.

10.3. Working remotely:

The COVID-19 pandemic has underlined the value of remote labor, and the cloud has enabled pharmaceutical companies to continue operations despite the epidemic. Teams may collaborate with their colleagues from anywhere in the world, work remotely, and access vital data and apps with cloud-based solutions.

10.4. Improved scalability:

Cloud solutions may be scaled up or down according to the demands of the business. This scalability enables pharmaceutical businesses to respond to changes in demand, such as surges in clinical trial data, without incurring large costs.

10.5. Predictive analytics:

Pharmaceutical businesses can use machine learning and other AI technologies to analyze massive data sets, spot trends, and make better decisions by utilizing cloud-based analytics tools⁴⁷. This may result in more rapid and precise drug research and discovery as well as more focused marketing and sales initiatives⁴⁸.

11. CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, this paper underscores the transformative impact of cloud computing on healthcare and pharmaceutical industries, enhancing efficiency, collaboration, and patient-centric approaches. The integration of information technology, facilitated by cloud computing, empowers healthcare professionals by analyzing patient data meticulously. The diverse applications of cloud computing in healthcare, including telemedicine, electronic health records, big data analytics, clinical research, and more, promise improved services, streamlined operations, and cost savings. The pharmaceutical sector also leverages cloud solutions for data management, collaboration, remote work, scalability, and predictive analytics, fostering efficiency and innovation. Despite benefits, challenges such as security concerns, technology dependence, interoperability issues, and the need for operating stability are acknowledged. Overall, cloud computing emerges as a revolutionary force reshaping healthcare and pharma, promising a future where technology optimally serves providers and individuals alike.

Despite the significant benefits, the paper acknowledges the implications and challenges of cloud computing in healthcare, such as security and privacy concerns, dependence on technology, interoperability issues, and the need for operating stability. The conclusion underscores the evolving landscape of healthcare and pharmaceuticals, driven by innovative cloud solutions, promising to enhance patient services, upgrade operational facilities, facilitate seamless information sharing, and save costs. Cloud computing emerges as a transformative force, revolutionizing these critical sectors, and fostering a future where technology optimally serves both healthcare providers and the individuals they serve.

12. CONFLICTS OF INTERESTS:

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received on 24.02.2024 Revised on 19.08.2024

Accepted on 15.01.2025 Published on 03.05.2025

Available online from May 05, 2025

Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2025; 15(2):163-170.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5691.2025.00027

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.