Author(s):
Kiran J. Sonawane, Sahil Patel, Rahul V. Takawale
Email(s):
sonawanek247@gmail.com
DOI:
10.52711/2231-5691.2026.00051 
Address:
Kiran J. Sonawane1, Sahil Patel1, Rahul V. Takawale2
1Department of Pharmacology, Smt. Kashibai Navle College of Pharmacy, Kondhwa Budruk, 411048 Pune.
2Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Pimpri-Chinchwad University, Sate Maval, District Pune, 412106.
*Corresponding Author
Published In:
Volume - 16,
Issue - 3,
Year - 2026
ABSTRACT:
Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is a critical neurological condition involving bleeding within the brain tissue, frequently resulting in significant mortality and morbidity. This review focuses on non-traumatic ICH, its classification into primary and secondary forms, and its pathophysiology involving hematoma conformation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and secondary brain injury. Major threat factors for ICH include high blood pressure, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), habitual order complaint, and the use of antithrombotic specifics. Accurate and timely opinion using non-contrast CT, CT angiography, and MRI is critical for effective operation. Treatment strategies include aggressive blood pressure control, coagulopathy reversal (particularly in anticoagulant-associated ICH), CAA-targeted forestallment, and surgical interventions for hematoma evacuation. Despite advances in imaging and probative care.
Cite this article:
Kiran J. Sonawane, Sahil Patel, Rahul V. Takawale. Intracerebral Haemorrhage. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2026; 16(3):347-4. doi: 10.52711/2231-5691.2026.00051
Cite(Electronic):
Kiran J. Sonawane, Sahil Patel, Rahul V. Takawale. Intracerebral Haemorrhage. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2026; 16(3):347-4. doi: 10.52711/2231-5691.2026.00051 Available on: https://www.asianjpr.com/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2026-16-3-19
REFERENCES:
1. Shao Z, Tu S, Shao A. Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Front Pharmacol. 2019; 10:1079. doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01079
2. Elijovich L, Patel P, Hemphill J. Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Semin Neurol. 2008;28(05):657-667. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1105974
3. Aguilar MI, Brott TG. Update in Intracerebral Hemorrhage. The Neurohospitalist. 2011;1(3):148-159. doi:10.1177/1941875211409050
4. Sutherland GR, Auer RN. Primary intracerebral hemorrhage. J Clin Neurosci. 2006;13(5):511-517. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2004.12.012
5. Raju A, Mayank N, Sreehari N, Lakshmi R. Arteriovenous Malformation associated with Wyburn Mason Syndrome. Res J Pharm Technol. 2019;12(10):4913. doi:10.5958/0974-360X.2019.00851.5
6. Widyaningrum DA, Nilamsari WP, Islamiyah WR, Shinta DW. The Patterns of Antihypertensive Drugs use in Acute Hemorrhagic Stroke Patients. Res J Pharm Technol. 2020;13(2):547. doi:10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00103.1
7. Lee TH. Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis Extra. 2024;15(1):1-8. doi:10.1159/000542566
8. Hostettler IC, Seiffge DJ, Werring DJ. Intracerebral hemorrhage: an update on diagnosis and treatment. Expert Rev Neurother. 2019;19(7):679-694. doi:10.1080/14737175.2019.1623671
9. Andalammal R. Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysm. Int J Nurs Educ Res. Published online August 3, 2022:269-272. doi:10.52711/2454-2660.2022.00063
10. Zhao W, Wu C, Stone C, Ding Y, Ji X. Treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage: Current approaches and future directions. J Neurol Sci. 2020; 416:117020. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117020
11. Baby P. Cerebral Venous Thrombosis – A Case Series. Published online 2012.
12. Kumar Jaiswal P. Management of Intracranial hypertension in Intensive Care Unit: A Literature Review. Int J Adv Nurs Manag. Published online November 18, 2023:260-263. doi:10.52711/2454-2652.2023.00058
13. Tao C, Hu X, Li H, You C. White Matter Injury after Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Strategies. Front Hum Neurosci. 2017; 11:422. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00422
14. Purroy F, Montalà N. Epidemiología del ictus en la última década: revisión sistemática. Rev Neurol. 2021;73(09):321. doi:10.33588/rn.7309.2021138
15. Magid-Bernstein J, Girard R, Polster S, et al. Cerebral Hemorrhage: Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Future Directions. Circ Res. 2022;130(8):1204-1229. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.319949
16. An SJ, Kim TJ, Yoon BW. Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Features of Intracerebral Hemorrhage: An Update. J Stroke. 2017;19(1):3-10. doi:10.5853/jos.2016.00864
17. Shah QA, Ezzeddine MA, Qureshi AI. Acute hypertension in intracerebral hemorrhage: Pathophysiology and treatment. J Neurol Sci. 2007;261(1-2):74-79. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.04.036
18. Julius A, Renugadevi K, Hemavathy V. Effect of Oxidative Stress in Essential Hypertension. Published online 2014.
19. Rindler RS, Allen JW, Barrow JW, Pradilla G, Barrow DL. Neuroimaging of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2020;86(5): E414-E423. doi:10.1093/neuros/nyaa029
20. Zheng Y, Li R, Fan X. Targeting Oxidative Stress in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Prospects of the Natural Products Approach. Antioxidants. 2022;11(9):1811. doi:10.3390/antiox11091811
21. Schlunk F, Greenberg SM. The Pathophysiology of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Formation and Expansion. Transl Stroke Res. 2015;6(4):257-263. doi:10.1007/s12975-015-0410-1
22. Schrag M, Kirshner H. Management of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(15):1819-1831. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.10.066
23. Xi G, Fewel ME, Hua Y, Thompson BG, Hoff JT, Keep RF. Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Pathophysiology and Therapy. Neurocrit Care. 2004;1(1):5-18. doi:10.1385/NCC:1:1:5
24. Balami JS, Buchan AM. Complications of intracerebral haemorrhage. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(1):101-118. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70264-2
25. Al-Hatamleh MAI, Al-Shajrawi OM, Khan SU, et al. Effects of Oxidative Stress on Alzheimer’s Disease, Haematological Perspective. Res J Pharm Technol. 2018;11(9):3881. doi:10.5958/0974-360X.2018.00711.4
26. Dash UC, Bhol NK, Swain SK, et al. Oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders: Mechanisms and implications. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2025;15(1):15-34. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.10.004
27. Shao L, Chen S, Ma L. Secondary Brain Injury by Oxidative Stress After Cerebral Hemorrhage: Recent Advances. Front Cell Neurosci. 2022; 16:853589. doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.853589
28. Chen S, Yang Q, Chen G, Zhang JH. An Update on Inflammation in the Acute Phase of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res. 2015;6(1):4-8. doi:10.1007/s12975-014-0384-4
29. Rincon F, Mayer SA. Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Clinical Overview and Pathophysiologic Concepts. Transl Stroke Res. 2012;3(S1):10-24. doi:10.1007/s12975-012-0175-8
30. Beuscher VD, Sprügel MI, Gerner ST, et al. chronic kidney disease and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020;29(8):104802. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104802
31. R. Pagar K, R. Mahale M. A Review on Brain Tumour, Etiology and Treatment. Asian J Pharm Res. Published online March 22, 2023:51-54. doi:10.52711/2231-5691.2023.00010
32. Babi MA, Mayberry W, Koriesh A, Nouh A. Editorial: Neuro-imaging in intracerebral hemorrhage: updates and knowledge gaps. Front Neurosci. 2025; 19:1593225. doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1593225
33. Patel JB, Patel KM, Shah DH, et al. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A New Diversion in Medical Diagnosis. Published online 2011.
34. Penckofer M, Kazmi KS, Thon J, Tonetti DA, Ries C, Rajagopalan S. Neuro-imaging in intracerebral hemorrhage: updates and knowledge gaps. Front Neurosci. 2024; 18:1408288. doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1408288
35. Seiffge DJ, Anderson CS. Treatment for intracerebral hemorrhage: Dawn of a new era. Int J Stroke. 2024;19(5):482-489. doi:10.1177/17474930241250259
36. Bondre SV, Chavan RS, Raut ID, Mohite SK, Magdum CS. An overview of survey on antihypertensive drugs. Asian J Pharm Res. 2020;10(3):160. doi:10.5958/2231-5691.2020.00028.3
37. Gatti L, Tinelli F, Scelzo E, et al. Understanding the Pathophysiology of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(10):3435. doi:10.3390/ijms21103435